Lead
Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. It is a heavy, bluish-gray metal that has been used for millennia. Due to its physical and chemical characteristics, lead is utilized in many industrial and technical applications. However, it is also known for its toxicity, resulting in strict regulations governing its handling and use.
Physical and chemical properties
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Density: Lead has a very high density of approximately 11.34 g/cm³.
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Melting point: The melting point is about 327.5 °C.
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Softness and malleability: Lead is relatively soft and easy to shape.
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Corrosion resistance: Lead resists many acids and bases, making it useful in certain chemical processes.
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Electrical conductivity: Lead has moderate electrical conductivity.
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Radiation shielding: Due to its high density, lead is effective at blocking ionizing radiation.
Uses of lead
Thanks to its unique properties, lead finds varied applications:
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Batteries: Primarily used in lead-acid batteries, such as car batteries.
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Radiation shielding: Employed in shields against X-rays and gamma rays in medical and industrial settings.
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Pipes and plumbing: Historically used in water pipes and roofing, but largely replaced today due to health risks.
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Alloys: Included in solders, type metals, and as an additive in steel and copper.
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Paints and pigments: Formerly used in paints and pigments; now heavily regulated.
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Glass manufacturing: Used in leaded glass and crystal for optical and decorative purposes.
Health and environmental aspects
Lead is highly toxic and can cause severe health problems in humans, especially children. It can damage the nervous system, kidneys, and other organs. Due to these dangers, lead use is heavily regulated, and strict safety protocols are enforced for handling and disposing of lead or lead-containing materials.
Summary
Lead is a versatile metal with numerous industrial and technical applications. However, its high toxicity necessitates strict regulations and safety measures to minimize health and environmental risks. Modern technologies and materials are increasingly replacing lead in many applications to reduce hazards.
Further information
More information about lead and its uses can be found on specialized websites like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).